Summarizing Actigraphy Data • SummarizedActigraphy

library(SummarizedActigraphy)
Registered S3 method overwritten by 'tsibble':
  method               from 
  as_tibble.grouped_df dplyr

Data

The data is from https://github.com/THLfi/read.gt3x/files/3522749/GT3X%2B.01.day.gt3x.zip. It is a daily GT3X file from an ActiGraph.

Let’s download the data:

url = "https://github.com/THLfi/read.gt3x/files/3522749/GT3X%2B.01.day.gt3x.zip"
destfile = tempfile(fileext = ".zip")
dl = utils::download.file(url, destfile = destfile)
gt3x_file = utils::unzip(destfile, exdir = tempdir())
gt3x_file = gt3x_file[!grepl("__MACOSX", gt3x_file)]
path = gt3x_file

This data represents sub-second level accelerations in the X, Y, and Z directions. Additional information from devices can be measured, such as temperature or light. We will focus only on the accelerometry data. The GGIR::g.calibrate function is a method to calibrate the ENMO values (van Hees et al. 2014). Other types of activity data, would be things such as activity counts, step counts, or previously summarized data. Data such as this is commonly calculated using proprietary methods or algorithms.

Create a Data Matrix

We will use the read_actigraphy function to read these files into an AccData object:

x = read_actigraphy(path)
Input is a .gt3x file, unzipping to a temporary location first...
Unzipping gt3x data to /tmp/RtmpoINp2x
1/1 
Unzipping /tmp/RtmpoINp2x/GT3X+ (01 day).gt3x
 === info.txt, activity.bin, lux.bin extracted to /tmp/RtmpoINp2x/GT3X+(01day)
GT3X information
 $ Serial Number     :"NEO1DXXXXXXXX"
 $ Device Type       :"GT3XPlus"
 $ Firmware          :"2.5.0"
 $ Battery Voltage   :"4.22"
 $ Sample Rate       :30
 $ Start Date        : POSIXct, format: "2012-06-27 10:54:00"
 $ Stop Date         : POSIXct, format: "2012-06-28 11:54:00"
 $ Download Date     : POSIXct, format: "2012-06-28 16:25:52"
 $ Board Revision    :"4"
 $ Unexpected Resets :"0"
 $ Sex               :"Male"
 $ Height            :"172.72"
 $ Mass              :"69.8532249799612"
 $ Age               :"43"
 $ Race              :"White / Caucasian"
 $ Limb              :"Ankle"
 $ Side              :"Left"
 $ Dominance         :"Non-Dominant"
 $ DateOfBirth       :"621132192000000000"
 $ Subject Name      :"GT3XPlus"
 $ Serial Prefix     :"NEO"
 $ Last Sample Time  : 'POSIXct' num(0) 
 - attr(*, "tzone")= chr "GMT"
 $ Acceleration Scale:341
 $ Acceleration Min  :"-6.0"
 $ Acceleration Max  :"6.0"
Parsing GT3X data via CPP.. expected sample size: 2700000
Using NHANES-GT3X format - older format
Sample size: 2700000
Scaling...
Done (in 0.895638227462769 seconds)
class(x)
[1] "AccData"
names(x)
[1] "data"        "freq"        "filename"    "header"      "missingness"

The read_actigraphy function uses the read.gt3x::read.gt3x for gt3x files, and uses functions from the GGIR package (van Hees et al. 2019).

The output has a data matrix in the data, which has X, Y, and Z columns, with an additional time column, which is a date/time column. Additionally, the header object has additional metadata about the object:

x$header
 [38;5;246m# A tibble: 25 × 2 [39m
   Field             Value                     
    [3m [38;5;246m<chr> [39m [23m              [3m [38;5;246m<chr> [39m [23m                     
 [38;5;250m 1 [39m Serial Number     NEO1DXXXXXXXX             
 [38;5;250m 2 [39m Device Type       GT3XPlus                  
 [38;5;250m 3 [39m Firmware          2.5.0                     
 [38;5;250m 4 [39m Battery Voltage   4.22                      
 [38;5;250m 5 [39m Sample Rate       30                        
 [38;5;250m 6 [39m Start Date        2012-06-27 10:54:00       
 [38;5;250m 7 [39m Stop Date         2012-06-28 11:54:00       
 [38;5;250m 8 [39m Download Date     2012-06-28 16:25:52.814926
 [38;5;250m 9 [39m Board Revision    4                         
 [38;5;250m10 [39m Unexpected Resets 0                         
 [38;5;246m# ℹ 15 more rows [39m

The sampling frequency is embedded in the header, but also found in the freq element:

x$freq
[1] 30

In this case, there are 30 samples per second.

Summarizing the data: Day-Second Level

The summarize_daily_actigraphy summarizes an AccData into second-level data for each day. The output is an tsibble:

daily = summarize_daily_actigraphy(x)
Fixing Zeros with fix_zeros
Flagging data
Flagging Spikes
Flagging Interval Jumps
Flagging Spikes at Second-level
Flagging Repeated Values
Flagging Device Limit Values
Flagging Zero Values
Flagging 'Impossible' Values
Calculating ai0
Calculating MAD
Joining AI and MAD
Joining flags
head(daily)
 [38;5;246m# A tsibble: 6 x 18 [1m] <GMT> [39m
  time                   AI      SD    SD_t AI_DEFINED     MAD   MEDAD mean_r
   [3m [38;5;246m<dttm> [39m [23m               [3m [38;5;246m<dbl> [39m [23m    [3m [38;5;246m<dbl> [39m [23m    [3m [38;5;246m<dbl> [39m [23m       [3m [38;5;246m<dbl> [39m [23m    [3m [38;5;246m<dbl> [39m [23m    [3m [38;5;246m<dbl> [39m [23m   [3m [38;5;246m<dbl> [39m [23m
 [38;5;250m1 [39m 2012-06-27  [38;5;246m10:54:00 [39m 6.58  0.318   0.142       0.453  0.167   0.067 [4m3 [24m   0.949
 [38;5;250m2 [39m 2012-06-27  [38;5;246m10:55:00 [39m 0.892 0.040 [4m0 [24m  0.033 [4m3 [24m      0.334  0.007 [4m6 [24m [4m5 [24m 0.003 [4m1 [24m [4m1 [24m  1.02 
 [38;5;250m3 [39m 2012-06-27  [38;5;246m10:56:00 [39m 1.44  0.049 [4m6 [24m  0.043 [4m1 [24m      0.290  0.014 [4m1 [24m  0.005 [4m7 [24m [4m1 [24m  1.02 
 [38;5;250m4 [39m 2012-06-27  [38;5;246m10:57:00 [39m 0.224 0.006 [4m8 [24m [4m8 [24m 0.006 [4m8 [24m [4m8 [24m     0.012 [4m7 [24m 0.006 [4m0 [24m [4m1 [24m 0.006 [4m0 [24m [4m7 [24m  1.01 
 [38;5;250m5 [39m 2012-06-27  [38;5;246m10:58:00 [39m 1.12  0.069 [4m0 [24m  0.065 [4m8 [24m      0.366  0.011 [4m0 [24m  0.003 [4m2 [24m [4m6 [24m  1.02 
 [38;5;250m6 [39m 2012-06-27  [38;5;246m10:59:00 [39m 0.556 0.018 [4m4 [24m  0.015 [4m0 [24m      0.326  0.006 [4m6 [24m [4m7 [24m 0.003 [4m0 [24m [4m9 [24m  1.02 
 [38;5;246m# ℹ 10 more variables: ENMO_t <dbl>, flag_spike <int>, [39m
 [38;5;246m#   flag_interval_jump <int>, flag_spike_second <int>, flag_same_value <int>, [39m
 [38;5;246m#   flag_device_limit <int>, flag_all_zero <int>, flag_impossible <int>, [39m
 [38;5;246m#   flags <dbl>, n_samples_in_unit <int> [39m

The process is as follows, we use floor_date from lubridate, so that each time is rounded to 1 seconds. This rounding is what allows us to use group_by on the time variable (which is really date/time variable) and summarize the data:

library(dplyr)

Attaching package: 'dplyr'
The following objects are masked from 'package:stats':

    filter, lag
The following objects are masked from 'package:base':

    intersect, setdiff, setequal, union
data = x$data
data = data %>% 
  mutate(time = lubridate::floor_date(time, unit = "1 seconds"),
         enmo = sqrt(X^2 + Y^2 + Z^2) - 1)
head(data)
Sampling Rate: Hz
Firmware Version: 
Serial Number Prefix: 
                 time X Y Z enmo
1 2012-06-27 10:54:00 0 0 0   -1
2 2012-06-27 10:54:00 0 0 0   -1
3 2012-06-27 10:54:00 0 0 0   -1
4 2012-06-27 10:54:00 0 0 0   -1
5 2012-06-27 10:54:00 0 0 0   -1
6 2012-06-27 10:54:00 0 0 0   -1

In summarize_daily_actigraphy, the following process is done:

data = data %>%
  group_by(time) %>%
  summarize(
    mad = (mad(X, na.rm = TRUE) + 
             mad(Y, na.rm = TRUE) +
             mad(Z, na.rm = TRUE))/3,
    ai = sqrt((var(X, na.rm = TRUE) + 
                 var(Y, na.rm = TRUE) + 
                 var(Z, na.rm = TRUE))/3),
    n_values = sum(!is.na(enmo)),
    enmo = mean(enmo, na.rm = TRUE)
  )
head(data)
 [38;5;246m# A tibble: 6 × 5 [39m
  time                       mad     ai n_values    enmo
   [3m [38;5;246m<dttm> [39m [23m                    [3m [38;5;246m<dbl> [39m [23m   [3m [38;5;246m<dbl> [39m [23m     [3m [38;5;246m<int> [39m [23m    [3m [38;5;246m<dbl> [39m [23m
 [38;5;250m1 [39m 2012-06-27  [38;5;246m10:54:00.000 [39m 0      0            30 - [31m1 [39m     
 [38;5;250m2 [39m 2012-06-27  [38;5;246m10:54:01.000 [39m 0      0            30 - [31m1 [39m     
 [38;5;250m3 [39m 2012-06-27  [38;5;246m10:54:02.000 [39m 0      0            30 - [31m1 [39m     
 [38;5;250m4 [39m 2012-06-27  [38;5;246m10:54:03.000 [39m 0      0            30 - [31m1 [39m     
 [38;5;250m5 [39m 2012-06-27  [38;5;246m10:54:04.000 [39m 0      0.292        30 - [31m0 [39m [31m. [39m [31m689 [39m 
 [38;5;250m6 [39m 2012-06-27  [38;5;246m10:54:05.000 [39m 0.068 [4m0 [24m 0.076 [4m0 [24m       30  0.019 [4m9 [24m

This assumes that all non-NA values are valid, no wear-time estimation is done. Also, estimating non-wear time/areas from this summarized data. The accelerometry::weartime function estimates wear time, but is based on count values.

This daily-level data is good for thresholding activity, such as into categories like vigorous activity. Also, this data is used for estimating sedentary and active bouts, and transition probability between them.

Euclidean Norm (r)

Many of the following statistics are based on the Euclidean Norm of the three axes:

$r_i = \sqrt{X_{i}^2 + Y_{i}^2 + Z_{i}^2}$

ENMO

One of the statistics calculated are ENMO, the Euclidean Norm Minus One, which is:

$ENMO_{t} = \frac{1}{n_{t}} \sum_{i=1}^{n_t} \left(r_i - 1\right) \cdot \mathbb{1} \left(r_i > 1\right)$ where $t$ is the time point, rounded to one second. In this case, $i$ represents each sample, so there are 30 ENMO measures per second, which means the number of samples for that time point, $n_{t}$ , is 30. In most cases, however, ENMO and the other statistics are calculated at the 1-second level. So the $ENMO_{t}$ from summarize_daily_actigraphy calculates $ENMO$ for each sample, then takes the mean $ENMO_{t}$ for 1-second intervals. We will use $ENMO_{t}$ to represent this second-level data, leaving off any bar or hat, but in truth it is an average. The subtraction of $1$ is to subtract $1$ gravity unit (g), from the data so it represents acceleration not due to gravity.

Activity Index (AI)

The Activity Index (AI) was introduced by Bai et al. (2016). It is calculated by: $AI_{t} = \sqrt{\frac{Var(X_{t}) + Var(Y_{t}) + Var(Z_{t})}{3}}$

where

$Var(X_{t}) = \frac{1}{n_{t}} \sum_{i=1}^{n_t} \left(X_{i} - \bar{X_{t}}\right)^2$

where $$\bar{X_{t} = \frac{1}{n_{t}} \sum_{i=1}^{n_t} X_{i}$$.

Mean, Median Absolute Deviation (MAD, MEDAD)

The Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD) is calculated by:

$MAD_{t} = \frac{1}{n_{t}} \sum_{i=1}^{n_t} \left|r_i - \sum_{i=1}^{n_t}\frac{r_i}{n_{t}} \right|$ Median Absolute Deviation (MEDAD) is calculated by:

$MEDAD_{t} = \text{median}\Bigg\{ \left|r_i - \sum_{i=1}^{n_t}\frac{r_i}{n_{t}} \right|\Bigg\}_{i=1}^{n_t}$ .

Summarizing the data: Second Level

The summarize_actigraphy summarizes an AccData into second-level data for an “average” day or average profile. For each second of the day, a summary statistic is taken, either the mean or the median. The summarize_actigraphy gives both, and the output is an tsibble:

average_day = summarize_actigraphy(x, .fns = list(mean = mean, median = median),)
Running Daily Actigraphy
Getting the First Day
Summarizing Data
head(average_day)
 [38;5;246m# A tsibble: 6 x 13 [1m] [39m
  time   AI_mean AI_median SD_mean SD_median MAD_mean MAD_median MEDAD_mean
   [3m [38;5;246m<time> [39m [23m    [3m [38;5;246m<dbl> [39m [23m      [3m [38;5;246m<dbl> [39m [23m    [3m [38;5;246m<dbl> [39m [23m      [3m [38;5;246m<dbl> [39m [23m     [3m [38;5;246m<dbl> [39m [23m       [3m [38;5;246m<dbl> [39m [23m       [3m [38;5;246m<dbl> [39m [23m
 [38;5;250m1 [39m 00 [38;5;246m' [39m00 [38;5;246m" [39m  0.168     0.168  0.006 [4m1 [24m [4m3 [24m   0.006 [4m1 [24m [4m3 [24m  0.003 [4m9 [24m [4m4 [24m    0.003 [4m9 [24m [4m4 [24m    0.002 [4m9 [24m [4m1 [24m
 [38;5;250m2 [39m 01 [38;5;246m' [39m00 [38;5;246m" [39m  0.050 [4m1 [24m    0.050 [4m1 [24m 0.005 [4m1 [24m [4m4 [24m   0.005 [4m1 [24m [4m4 [24m  0.003 [4m9 [24m [4m3 [24m    0.003 [4m9 [24m [4m3 [24m    0.002 [4m7 [24m [4m6 [24m
 [38;5;250m3 [39m 02 [38;5;246m' [39m00 [38;5;246m" [39m  0         0      0         0        0          0          0      
 [38;5;250m4 [39m 03 [38;5;246m' [39m00 [38;5;246m" [39m  0         0      0         0        0          0          0      
 [38;5;250m5 [39m 04 [38;5;246m' [39m00 [38;5;246m" [39m  0         0      0         0        0          0          0      
 [38;5;250m6 [39m 05 [38;5;246m' [39m00 [38;5;246m" [39m  0         0      0         0        0          0          0      
 [38;5;246m# ℹ 5 more variables: MEDAD_median <dbl>, ENMO_t_mean <dbl>, [39m
 [38;5;246m#   ENMO_t_median <dbl>, mean_r_mean <dbl>, mean_r_median <dbl> [39m

The number of rows is 86400, which is 60 seconds per minute, 60 minutes per hour, 24 hours per day:

nrow(average_day)
[1] 1440
range(average_day$time)
Time differences in secs
[1]     0 86340

These values represent an “average” day, where average is determined by mean and median.

Plotting an Average Day

Here we plot the AI values for each minute, summarized over mean and median:

if (requireNamespace("ggplot2", quietly = TRUE)) {
  library(ggplot2)
  library(magrittr)
  average_day %>%
    dplyr::rename_with(tolower) %>% 
    ggplot(aes(x = time, y = ai_mean)) +
    geom_line()
  
  average_day %>%
    dplyr::rename_with(tolower) %>% 
    ggplot(aes(x = time, y = ai_median)) +
    geom_line()
}

Bai, Jiawei, Chongzhi Di, Luo Xiao, Kelly R Evenson, Andrea Z LaCroix, Ciprian M Crainiceanu, and David M Buchner. 2016. “An Activity Index for Raw Accelerometry Data and Its Comparison with Other Activity Metrics.” PloS One 11 (8): e0160644.

van Hees, Vincent T, Zhou Fang, Joss Langford, Felix Assah, A MohammadMirkes, Inacio C da Silva, Michael I Trenell, Tom White, Nicholas J Wareham, and Soren Brage. 2014. “Autocalibration of Accelerometer Data for Free-Living Physical Activity Assessment Using Local Gravity and Temperature: An Evaluation on Four Continents.” Journal of Applied Physiology 117 (7): 738–44. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00421.2014.

van Hees, Vincent T, Zhou Fang, Jing Hua Zhao, Joe Heywood, Evgeny Mirkes, Severine Sabia, and Jairo H Migueles. 2019. GGIR: Raw Accelerometer Data Analysis. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1051064.